A key downstream effector in the Wnt signaling pathway is b-catenin (1). It is implicated in two major biological processes of vertebrates: early embryonic development (2) and tumorigenesis (3). Casein kinase 1 phosphorylates b-catenin on Ser45. This phosphorylation event primes b-catenin for subsequent phosphorylation by GSK-3 (4-6). GSK-3b destabilizes b-catenin by phosphorylating it at Ser33, 37 and Thr41 (7). Mutations in these phosphorylation sites which result in the stabilization of b-catenin protein levels have been found in many tumor cell lines (8).
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